WARNINGS CAN PREVENT DROWNINGS AND SERIOUS INJURIES CAUSED BY SHALLOW WATER DIVING IN RESIDENTIAL POOLS

Spring is finally here (at least in NYC) and summer is just around the corner. Before you run to open your pool or visit a friend or family member’s pool, especially if you have young children, be aware that this is also the time of year where 300 children age 1-4 years old, will drown in a private swimming pool. According to the National Safety Council, drowning is the leading cause of death for young children. Most parents probably have pool safety on their mind when their child is about to go into a pool, but with most drownings in a pool, the parent or supervisor of the child typically tells the authorities: “I only turned away for a second/minute!” Parents are cautioned all the time about pool safety, but drownings still occur. Always be aware and be in the present moment with your children. Here are a few water safety precautions that may prevent your child from drowning in a residential pool:

  • Never leave your child alone; if you have to leave, take your child with you
  • Find age-appropriate swim lessons for your child, but keep in mind that lessons do not make your child “drown-proof”
  • Lifeguards aren’t babysitters; always keep your eyes on your child
  • Never consume alcohol when watching your child at a pool
  • Always have a first aid kit and emergency contacts handy
  • Get training in CPR
  • If a child is missing, check the water first

Every pool and every warm summer day holds the possibility of new, fun summer experiences. All you need to add is your undivided attention.

But infant pool drownings are not the only hazard you may face in a residential pool. Diving into shallow water, especially in residential swimming pools, presents a unique set of factors that call for very strong actions. Research studies have shown that most serious pool diving injuries occur among young men (15-25), typically inebriated without eating much food, during efforts to “show off their skills” to their friends or dates. The National Spinal Cord Injury Data Research Center has estimated that 800 people each year are rendered quadriplegics as a result of diving injuries, and the tragedy is that most of these injuries could have been prevented with an adequate warning and safety program. First of all: NOBODY SHOULD DIVE INTO ANY BODY OF WATER THAT IS LESS THAN 8-9 FEET DEEP! That means that nobody should ever dive into an above ground pool, most of which are 3-4 feet deep. Given that most of these injuries occur with young men who are inebriated or reckless or risk takers, you must post the strongest possible warning signage in several visible areas around the pool or on the top fringe of the pool’s liner. A sample of such a sign appears in Figure 1.

I designed this sign and it is now recommended by the National Spa and Pool Institute, among other organizations.

But posting such a sign, even in several locations, may not be enough to prevent diving injuries. Since most injuries are often to first time visitors to the pool, many of whom are guests of the pool owners’ children, the pool owners must not only carefully and forcefully train their children about the no diving in shallow water rule, but they must stress that their children communicate this rule to their guest and friends. Obviously, alcohol and safe swimming don’t mix. And finally pool owners/parents must make it their top priority to be present at their pool whenever their children are bringing guests, especially first time guests.

If you follow the above warnings and safety information, your experience at the pool this summer should be mostly about fun. Happy swimming!

By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • October 20, 2026
“Make America Healthy Again” is an appealing slogan. Who could oppose it? But slogans are not evidence, and good intentions are not a substitute for science. The question Americans should be asking is whether the policies associated with the MAHA movement are actually making Americans healthier—or whether some are moving public health in the opposite direction.
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • September 30, 2026
We live in an age of warning labels. They are on ladders, coffee cups, toys, appliances, medications, clothing, furniture and virtually anything else we might buy. Some warnings are essential. Others are so obvious that they have become the stuff of comedy. We have all seen examples: a label on a cup warning that its contents may be hot. A hair dryer carrying a warning not to use it while sleeping. A package of peanuts warning that it contains peanuts. A chainsaw instruction manual cautioning users not to stop the blade with their hands. A Halloween costume warning that it is not fire-resistant. A label on an iron reminding us that the appliance becomes hot when turned on. Then there are warnings that seem to state the painfully obvious: “Do not put your fingers in the fan.” “Do not use a knife to cut yourself.” “This product is not intended to be eaten.” One particularly famous example involved a child’s Superman costume warning that it does not enable the wearer to fly. These warnings can be funny, but they raise a serious question: What happens when consumers become accustomed to treating warnings as jokes? The purpose of a warning is to interrupt ordinary behavior. It is supposed to make us stop, pay attention and recognize a danger that we might otherwise overlook. But if consumers encounter dozens of warnings every day—many concerning hazards that are already obvious—the warning itself can begin to lose its power. Think about the difference between two warnings. The first says: “Caution: Contents hot.” The second says: “This medication can cause potentially dangerous interactions with certain commonly used drugs. Consult a physician or pharmacist before taking it.” The first identifies a hazard virtually everyone understands. (The exception, however, is McDonald’s coffee which exceeds industry norms and is extremely hot, beyond what the average consumer would expect) The second communicates information that many consumers could not possibly know without being told. Yet both may appear in the same visual universe of labels, boxes, inserts and fine print. That creates what might be called warning fatigue . When people repeatedly encounter warnings that seem ridiculous or unnecessary, they may develop the habit of ignoring warnings altogether. The consumer learns, consciously or unconsciously, that “warning” often means “something obvious that lawyers wanted printed on the package.” That is a problem when the next warning really matters. 
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • August 10, 2026
You probably don't think twice about your morning routine—a swipe of foundation, a coat of mascara, maybe some lipstick before heading out the door. But lurking in many of these everyday products is a class of synthetic chemicals that scientists call "forever chemicals," and their presence in cosmetics has become impossible to ignore.
By Ann K. • July 13, 2026
A Grim Milestone for American Public Health We are facing a public health emergency that was entirely preventable. According to updated data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United States has recorded 2,170 confirmed measles cases in 2026—and we are only halfway through the year. This staggering figure nearly matches the 2,289 cases recorded across the entirety of 2025, representing a measles crisis on a scale this country has not seen in over three decades. Measles was declared officially eliminated from the United States in 2000, thanks to robust and widespread uptake of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. Today, that monumental achievement is on the verge of being permanently erased.
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • June 15, 2026
For decades, Americans have relied on warning labels to alert consumers to hidden dangers. Cigarette packages warn of cancer. Alcohol labels caution pregnant women. Medications disclose side effects. Yet one of the most powerful and potentially addictive products used by millions of children every day carries virtually no warning at all: social media. In 2024, as I wrote in the September, 2024 issue of this newsletter, then-U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy called on Congress to require cigarette-style warning labels on social media platforms, arguing that parents and children deserve to know that excessive use has been linked to anxiety, depression, body image problems, sleep disruption, and other mental health concerns. He stated that social media had become an important contributor to the youth mental health crisis and that warning labels could help increase awareness among families. Unfortunately, that proposal has stalled under the new administration. The opportunity to provide parents with basic health information appears to have been abandoned just as evidence of social media's harmful effects continues to mount.
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • April 30, 2026
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping the landscape of healthcare, particularly in the realm of medical diagnosis. From analyzing medical images to predicting disease risk, AI-driven tools are increasingly being integrated into clinical workflows. While the potential benefits are substantial—improved accuracy, faster diagnoses, and expanded access to care—there are also meaningful risks that warrant careful scrutiny. Understanding both sides is essential for clinicians, policymakers, and patients alike.
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • March 31, 2026
Lithium-ion batteries power much of modern life. From smartphones and laptops to e-bikes, power tools, and even home energy storage systems, these compact and efficient batteries are everywhere. But as their use has expanded, so too has a serious and often underestimated danger: the risk of fire. Lithium-ion battery fires are not like typical household fires. They burn hotter, spread faster, and can reignite even after appearing to be extinguished. These fires are caused by a process known as “thermal runaway,” where damage, overheating, or internal defects trigger a chain reaction inside the battery. Once this process begins, it can release flammable gases, cause explosions, and produce intense flames that are difficult to control.
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • February 27, 2026
1. Weakening National Drinking Water Standards  In April 2024, the EPA finalized the first federally enforceable National Primary Drinking Water Rule (NPDWR) for six PFAS, including PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA (GenX), PFBS, and mixtures of these chemicals. These rules established maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and required monitoring and treatment timelines for public water systems. Under Trump's EPA, this landmark public health rule is being undone :
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • January 27, 2026
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere brings cold weather, snow, and often severe storms. These conditions can lead to power outages that last hours or even days. When electricity is lost and temperatures plummet, many households turn to alternative heating methods or portable power generators. While these actions are understandable, they can expose families to a perilous and often invisible threat: carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning . 
By Dr. Gerald Goldhaber • November 24, 2025
As Thanksgiving approaches, kitchens across the country are about to come alive with the sounds and smells of holiday cooking. While this season brings family, gratitude, and plenty of delicious food, it also comes with a serious and often overlooked risk: foodborne illness. In the U.S., Salmonella and Listeria remain two of the most dangerous and persistent causes of food poisoning—especially during the holidays, when increased food preparation, crowded refrigerators, and large holiday meals create ideal conditions for bacterial growth.Whether you’re hosting your first Thanksgiving dinner or you’re a seasoned holiday chef, brushing up on a few key food safety practices can help you keep your loved ones healthy and your celebration memorable for all the right reasons.
Show More